His homily Jan. 1 was not generic: it referenced prostitution, rape, coerced abortions, pornography and even advertising.

And Pope Francis called for the involvement of women in decision-making processes in civil society, specifically when it comes to promoting peace.

At the Mass on the feast of Mary, Mother of God, he said the Church is “woman and mother,” but he did not use the homily to address the roles of women in formal Church structures.

However, there are strong indications that some changes will be coming in 2020, and not just because of the New Year’s homily.

The publication of the Pope’s plan for the new configuration of the Roman Curia and his apostolic exhortation reflecting on the themes of the Synod of Bishops for the Amazon both are expected early in the year.

The draft document for the Curia reform, Praedicate Evangelium (Preach the Gospel), said the office of Vatican Secretary of State must be held by a cardinal. But other than that, it said, the reform “should also involve lay women and men in governing roles of importance and responsibility.”

The draft insisted the Church’s hierarchical structure was willed by Christ, but that does not mean only the Pope, bishops and other clerics are responsible for the Church and its mission in the world.

In fact, it said, in the Roman Curia “the presence and participation of laypeople — women and men — is more essential than ever,” especially the contributions of laypeople living their faith through their family life and in their engagement with the world.

The draft document suggested laywomen and laymen would be particularly appropriate leaders “when dealing with the promotion of the family and respect for life and creation, with the Gospel as the leaven of temporal realities and with discerning the signs of the times.”

While the overall Curia reform project has taken years, Pope Francis already anticipated some changes: the prefect of the Dicastery for Communication is a layman, and the two undersecretaries of the Dicastery for Laity, the Family and Life are laywomen. St. John Paul II in 2004 appointed a woman religious as undersecretary of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, and that practice has continued.

In late October, at the end of the Amazon synod, which repeatedly referred to the leadership of women in faith communities throughout the region, Pope Francis promised to “reconvene” and expand the commission he had appointed to study the diaconate of women.

Phyllis Zagano, a member of the original commission and an expert on the subject from Hofstra University in Hempstead, N.Y., told Catholic News Service Jan. 7 that she still has not heard anything about a renewed brief for the panel.

Zagano noticed the difference in the way Pope Francis spoke about women in his homily Jan. 1, and she said she wonders if one litmus test for new leaders in the Roman Curia is, “Can you work with women?”

“I think Pope Francis is quite serious about listening to women,” she said. “His problem is that some in the Curia are not. He will do what he can.

“Ordained women deacons are historically documented, doctrinally permissible and pastorally necessary,” Zagano said, but many continue to hold the belief that “ordination” of women to any ministry in the Church is impossible because a woman “cannot image Christ.”

“Until that hard barrier, so ingrained so deeply in much of the Curia and Vatican staff, is overcome, there will be no advancement for women inside or outside the Church,” Zagano said.”

Unfortunately, she said, until Pope Francis “has a woman standing next to him proclaiming the Gospel, nothing he says about women will be heard.”

In May, Pope Francis appointed six consultants to the general secretariat of the Synod of Bishops, the office that co-ordinates the gathering. Five of the six were women and they are the first women to serve in that position.

Xaviere Missionary Sr. Nathalie Becquart, who was an observer at the 2018 Synod of Bishops on Young People, was one of the consultants named. She told CNS the appointment was “a symbolic and effective step toward appointing more women at the Curia, and it reflects Pope Francis’ desire to give more places to women at all levels of the Church.”

Becquart, the former director of youth evangelization and vocations for the French bishops’ conference, said she’s convinced more progress will come.

“Changes will come with the new generation as more and more young people — not only young women but also young men — ask for women’s equality,” she said. Added hope comes from meeting “more and more priests and bishops now that are speaking out for women.”

But one will not be able to say there is true collaboration between men and women at all levels of the Church until there are “more women in leadership positions and decision-making processes,” she said.

Obviously, the Pope should continue appointing women, she said. But she also had another idea: “Another symbolic step could be, for instance, that he ask a woman to lead the spiritual retreat for the Curia one year.”